Note 1
Materials producing smoke screens are rated in units for their top obscuring power TOP . TOP is a relative value that indicates the amount of obscurity due to reflection and refraction of light rays that 1 pound of smoke-producing material will develop under standard and controlled conditions against a 25-candlepower light source. The principal smoke-producing agents, ordered according to their obscuring powers, are treated below a. White phosphorus WP , with a 3,500 unit TOP, is a white to...
Care Handling and Preservation
a. General. Small-arms ammunition is comparatively safe to handle. It is packed to withstand transportation, handling and storage conditions normally encountered in the field. However, consideration should be given to the general information on care, handling and preservation of ammu Figure 3-18. Cartridges in 20-round cartons in ammunition box. Figure 3-18. Cartridges in 20-round cartons in ammunition box. nition outlined in chapter 1 and in TM 9-1300-206. In addition 1 Never use oil or grease...
Functioning
a. When the propellant in the rocket motor is ignited, pressure in the chamber generally rises within 0.005 to 0.05 second to a maximum value. This value is determined by the burning rate of the propellant and the diameter of the nozzle orifice. Depending on the design of the propellent grain and the presence of ballistic modifiers, the charge burns at a nearly constant rate. This steady state pressure is maintained constant or decreases tails off very slowly until the propellant is completely...
Propelling Charges
1 Propelling charges consist of a quantity of propellant in a container cartridge bag for separate-loading and semifixed ammunition and an igniter and or primer. The propellant itself is carefully designed for the particular role of the ammunition. Factors considered include chemical composition, grain size, and charge weight. Propellants are described in chapter 1. 2 In fixed and semifixed rounds, the igniter charge black powder is present in the primer. In some models of separated...
Info Xvd
4 Squibs. Squibs for military use are caused to function by heat developed by an electrical resistance wire. This may ignite a charge of either potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate black powder, or an ignition composition, and, in turn, the main charge of black powder. In some cases, the black powder charge is ignited by a matchhead composition. d. Precautions. Black powder, which is very sensitive to friction, heat and impact, is one of the most dangerous explosives to handle. It will...
Info Vtp
Chemical agents are compounds and mixtures other than pyrotechnics and are used as fillers in artillery and mortar ammunition, grenades, rockets and bombs. They are classified according to tactical use, physiological effect and purpose, as follows. a. Military Gases. A military gas is any agent or combination of agents that can produce either a toxic or irritating physiological effect It may be in solid, liquid or gaseous state, either before or after dispersion. The gases may be persistent...
Subcaliber Ammunition
a. General. Subcaliber guns are auxiliary devices used with tactical weapons during training and practice. Bore wear i-n the larger caliber weapons is reduced by training with smaller caliber weapons firing smaller caliber ammunition at shorter ranges. Subcaliber guns are designed for interior mounting inside the bore of the weapon or exterior mounting on top of the gun tube . Interior-type subcaliber guns are used with 75mm howitzers, 76-mm guns, 90-mm guns and 105-mm howitzers. 'External-type...
Cartridge Photo Flash M123a1
Military pyrotechnics fig. 9-1 are used for illumination, signaling, and simulation of battle noises and effects. Artillery projectiles and hand grenades used for illumination and signaling are described in chapters 4 and 6, respectively. Photoflash and target-identification bombs are described in chapter 10. Other pyrotechnic items are described below and in TM 9-1370-203-20 amp P a. Complete Round. Pyrotechnics are usually issued in the form of complete rounds, each consisting of all the...
Secondary Fuze Will For Carrying Plug Or Doby Trapping Firing Device Ord 1
Figure 7-12. Inert light AT mine and inert fuze. Figure 7-13. Installation of a boobytrapped AT mine. Figure 7-13. Installation of a boobytrapped AT mine. b. Incendiary Burster. An incendiary burster fig. 7-14 is used, primarily, with field-improvised incendiary munitions. When immersed in a container 5-gallon can, used shell case, 55-gallon drum filled with thickened fuel, the burster will rupture the container and scatter flaming fuel over a large area. The burster can be fired either...
Explosive Destructors
a. General. Explosive destructors are used to adapt ammunition and other explosive material, which cannot be reliably detonated by special blasting caps, for use in demolition work, boobytraps and improvised mines. Explosive destructors are also used to destroy deteriorated or abandoned ammunition. 1 Universal explosive destructor. The universal explosive destructor fig. 8-11 is a high explosive charge initiated by means of blasting caps or mine actuators and standard firing devices. The...
General Dhk
A land mine is a device filled with high explosive or chemicals, intended for placement on the ground or beneath the surface. It is designed to destroy or damage vehicles, hinder movement of enemy personnel, or contaminate strategic areas. It may be detonated when its target touches or moves near it or by remote control. Land mines, their components, and ammunition for simulated boobytraps and land mine fire are listed in SC 1340 98-1L For technical information on land mines, see TM...
The procedure for throwing hand grenades is described in FM and TM and TM
When the grenade is thrown, the striker, under the force of the spring, pushes the safety lever free. This permits the fuze to function either on impact or delay, depending on the type and model. Grenades fuzed with impact detonating fuzes are designed to detonate on impact with the target. However, Impact fuzes also contain a delay action system which will detonate the grenade within 3 to 7 seconds after the lever is released. Delay detonating fuses contain a delay charge which Is ignited by...
The canister in this type of projectile
CHARG PROPELLING T42 FOR 20 M M GUN M 58 FOR USE WITH HEAT-T M469 CHARG PROPELLING T42 FOR 20 M M GUN M 58 FOR USE WITH HEAT-T M469 Figure 4-4. High-explosive antitank projectile. Figure 4-4. High-explosive antitank projectile. Figure 4-5. Burster chemical projectiles. Figure 4-5. Burster chemical projectiles. should not be confused with the canister that is a component of a fixed-round projectile. 6 Illuminating. This type of projectile fig. 47 is used to illuminate a target area under...
Metallic Links and Clips
a. Metallic links fig. 3-15 and 3-16 are used with caliber .30, caliber .50, 5.56-mm, 7.62-mm and 20-mm cartridges in machine guns. The links are made of steel, surface treated for rust prevention. They are used to assemble cartridges into linked belts of 100 to 750 cartridges per belt. The links must meet specific test and dimension requirements to assure satisfactory ammunition feed and functioning in the machine gun under all training and combat service conditions. b. Different...
Detonator Holder Base Gasket 1
MM, ANTITANKi M31 T29C3 OtD D54 -A MM, ANTITANKi M31 T29C3 OtD D54 -A 1 Heavy metallic type. Heavy metallic nines derive effectiveness against armor from ,energy produced by the high-explosive charge. This propels a mass of steel in an upward direction at a velocity sufficient to penetrate the tank armor. 2 Heavy nonmetallic type. Mines of this type fig. 7-8 derive effectiveness from energy produced by the high-explosive charge. This creaks or damages tank tracks. This mine cannot e detected...
Pressure On Board At P Lifting Rock Heavier Than Pounds Thus Initiating Release
Figure 7-15. Representative methods of using firing devices in boobytrap installation. Figure 7-16. Packing box for an APERS mine. Figure 7-16. Packing box for an APERS mine. Figure 7-17. Packing box for an APERS practice mine and replacement parts. Figure 7-17. Packing box for an APERS practice mine and replacement parts. I before arming. In disarming armed mines, restore safety devices, as prescribed in TM 9-1345-20312 amp P and FM 20-32. f. In employment of inert mines for training in...
I Uww
This manual contains basic information on identification, classification, and physical characteristics of conventional ammunition. With TM 90 1300-206, it constitutes a source book on military ammunition. a. Authorized Forms. DA Pam 738-750 contains instructions on use of the forms required to report incidents involving the ammunition covered in this manual. AR's 380-5, 380-6, and 380-40 cover classification of records and reports. b. Accidents. Responsibilities and procedures for recording and...
Figure Use of explosive priming adapter
The adapter simplifies priming of military explosives having threaded cap wells. The adapter may be used with an electric blasting cap, with a nonelectric blasting cap and safety fuse or with detonating cord. 2 Detonating cord clip. The detonating cord clip is a small metal device used to join detonating cord. 3 Waterproof blasting cap sealing compound. Waterproof blasting cap sealing compound is used to moistureproof the connection between a nonelectric blasting cap and safety fuse. This...
Figure Weatherproof timeblasting fuse igniter
time-blasting fuse igniter, the black powder of the time blasting fuse transmits a flame to a nonelectric blasting cap that may be installed in a demolition charge. The 40 seconds per foot, however, will vary for the same or different roll under different atmospheric and or climatic conditions, from a burning time of 30 seconds or less per foot to 45 seconds or more per foot. When used under water, the rate of burning is increased significantly. Therefore, each roll of fuse must be tested...
Propulsion System
a. General. The propulsion systems used in guided missiles employ either a jet engine or a rocket motor. These systems consist essentially of a combustion chamber and a nozzle. Fuel burned in the combustion chamber produces thrust. This results from products of combustion which expand and pass through the nozzle. b. Operation. The missile propulsion system generally operates in two phases the boost phase, during which the missile is accelerated to its cruising speed and the sustainer phase,...
Detonators
a. General. Detonators are explosive devices sensitive to mechanical initiation. They are used to detonate explosive charges. Detonators combine functions of firing devices and blasting caps in a single unit. They may or may not incorporate a time-delay mechanism. Detonators used in demolition work are classified according to initiating action as friction, percussion and concussion. 1 Delay friction type. Delay friction detonators fig. 8-7 and 8-8 consist of a cylindrical, olive-drab, plastic...
Figure Pointinitiating basedetonating fuze
The bracket-arming type has a time ring the adjustable-delay-arming type has a graduated time scale which must be set for the predicted time to target. When fired, the proximity element of the fuze becomes armed a short time before reaching target and functions on proximity approach. If the fuze does not come within the influence range of a suitable target, the fuze will cause self-destruction of the projectile soon after the set time. e fuze also contains an impact element. This will function...
A Equipment Manuals
Storage, Shipment, Handling, and Disposal of Chemical Agents and Data Sheets for Ordnance Type 9-500 Ammunition and Explosives Standards 9-1300-206 Organizational Maintenance Manual Including Repair Parts and Special Tools List for Small Arms Ammunition to 30MM inclusive FSC 1305 9-1305-201-20 amp P Direct Support and General Support Maintenance Manual Including Repair Parts and Special Tools List for Small Arms Ammunition to 30MM inclusive FSC 1305 9-1305-201-34 amp P Operator's and Unit...
Explosive Embedment Anchor
a. General. The explosive embedment anchor fig. 13-1 is currently used to secure underwater pipelines. Two anchors, each bearing a cartridge containing 31 2 pounds of propellant, are mounted on the pipeline sled. Anchors are fired after the end of the pipeline has been pulled into its final position. This item has other possible underwater applications. b. Ignition Method. Ignition is by electric current. Prior to launching, a firing wire is connected to the ignitor contacts in a way that...
I N Alu
. .iTjII -P V- R- I tl.-' i - F'T.I b. Propellant. Cartridges are loaded with varying weights of propellant. This is to impart sufficient velocity within safe pressures to the projectile to obtain the required ballistic performance. These propellants are either of the single base nitrocellulose or doublebase nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin type. The propellant grain configuration may be cylindrical with a single, lengthwise perforation, spheroid ball or flake. Most propellants are coated with...
Description
Two suspension lugs are assembled to the dispenser for attaching to the aircraft or for handling with a sling and hoist. The dispenser contains 40 vertical aluminum canister assemblies, each containing two mines fig. 11-3 . b. Canister Assembly. Each canister assembly consists of an aluminum dispenser cylinder, obturator, mine ejection cartridge M198, and two mines. The mines are retained in the cylinder by four shear pins, two per mine. c. Mine Release. The mine dispenser is designed to...
Demolition Kits
a. General. Demolition kits contain explosive and nonexplosive items for performing various demolition tasks. Some kits are designed for general demolition others, for specific demolition tasks. Kits include accessories, tools and other specialized components in specially designed containers. b. General Blasting Kits. These kits are designated Demolition Kit, Blasting Explosive Initiating, Electric and Nonelectric, and Demolition Kit, Blasting Explosive Initiating, Nonelectric. They contain...
Waterproof Plastic 1
nating agent, a primary agent, or alone as an explosive charge. It may be used for detonating single or multiple charges. It will transmit a detonating wave from one point to another at a rate of at least 5,900 meters per second. Detonating cord consists of a core of PETN in a textile tube coated with a layer of asphalt. The asphalt layer has an outer textile cover which is finished with a wax gum composition or plastic coating. See TM 91375-213-12 and TM 91375-213-34 for various detonating...
Ord Di 1
Figure 4-9. Armor-piercing capped cartridge. 4-11 Figure 4-10. Antipersonnel APERS cartridge. 4-12 Figure 4-10. Antipersonnel APERS cartridge. 4-12 qfe A f i i 10 u MS . J. v i . t -v. - lt gt iw W TO ' gt jfe ST' e t f3f ''fif Ef lt 5 0 rry . -V. Si flj qfe A f i i 10 u MS . J. v i . t -v. - lt gt iw W TO ' gt jfe ST' e t f3f ''fif Ef lt 5 0 rry . -V. Si flj of the flat-bag type and are folded around the primer. Less muzzle flash than with single granulation charges, improved uniformity of...
Control and Guidance Systems
a. General. Control and guidance are parts of an integrated system for automatically directing flight of the missile. b. Control System. The control system includes components necessary for automatic control of a missile in flight. The system receives intelligence from a radio signal or other electrical device wire or wireless and makes corrections for changes in yaw, pitch and roll. The system usually includes a gyroscope, signal amplifier, servomotor and control surface. The system may also...
Packing and Identification Marking
a. Packing. Containers and methods for packing military small-arms ammunition are specified in drawings, specifications or, as required, in the procurement contract. Military containers presently being manufactured have been limited to a few standard types designed to withstand all conditions commonly encountered in handling, storage and transportation of ammunition. Military cartridges, except 20-mm, are packed in metallic ammunition boxes, overpacked in wooden wire-bound crates. Twenty...
Figure Types and comparative sizes of military pyrotechnics
a Pyrotechnic projectors or pistols. b Small arms rifles equipped with grenade launchers and special blank cartridges. c Hand-held expendable launchers that form part of the signal assembly for rocket- assisted signals. d Manually operated lanyard-type ground signal projectors mounted on staff-like supports that are anchored to the ground by spikes. 3 The white smoke puff charge is fired from a smoke-puff discharger powder from the charge, which is ignited by a smoke-puff percussion cap,...
Chemical Mines and Incendiary Bursters
a. Chemical Mines. Chemical mines are used for contaminating purposes. Exploded either by remote control or by trip action, these mines spread chemical agents in either liquid or vapor form. 1 One type of chemical mine, consisting of a rectangular, one-gallon metal can fig. 7-1 , has two short copper wires soldered to one of its sides. These wires are used for attaching a burster detonating cord . The mine contains a liquid chemical agent. Functioning of the burster bursts the mine can and...
I Gvi
one or more of the other materials in the mixture to flame, friction and static electrical discharges from the cause detonation. Some pyrotechnic compositions human body. mixtures may become more sensitive because of exposure to moisture. Mixtures are sensitive to heat, High explosives are usually nitration products of such organic substances as toluene, phenol, pentaerythritol, amines, glycerin, and starch. Otherwise, high explosives may be nitrogen-containing inorganic substances or mixtures....
Chapter Explosive And Chemical Agents
Solid propellants are low explosives used to propel projectiles, rockets, etc. Nitrocellulose, though unstable, is a general ingredient of propellants. Stabilizers are added to counteract acid breakdown products of nitrocellulose. Propellant compositions, generally referred to as smokeless powders a misnomer , burn at characteristic, linear rates affected by initial temperatures and pressures. Propellants are identified by M or T numbers. See TM 9-1300-214 for specific coverage on United States...
General Xzf
A grenade is a small missile weighing between one and 1-1 2 pounds. Filled with high explosive or chemical, it is used against enemy personnel or materiel at relatively short ranges. There are two types hand grenades and rifle grenades fig. 6-1 . For detailed information on hand and rifle grenades, see TM 9-1330-200-12 , TM 91330-200-34, and FM 23-30. a. The hand grenade, thrown by the user, supplements small arms in close combat. It produces screening smoke and irritating gases and incendiary...
Section III RIFLE GRENADES
depending on the groove at which the grenade is placed. Rifle grenades are fin-stabilized projectiles launched from rifles equipped with grenade launchers. The propelling force for the grenade is provided by a special gas-producing grenade cartridge. a. A grenade launcher fig. 6-5 functions as an extension of the rifle barrel. It is attached to the muzzle by a clip latch fitted over the bayonet stud of the rifle. A hollow stabilizer tube on the grenade fits over the barrel of the launcher and...
I Rwj
Figure 7-3.1. Typical nonmetallic practice APERS mine. a. General. Service AT mines fig. 7-5 and 74 are explosive devices placed on, or slightly below the surface of the ground. They are used primarily to restrict or delay movement of enemy vehicles. AT mines will usually destroy a small unarmored vehicle. Although they may not always destroy an armored tank, AT mines can be relied on to Incapacitate it, usually by damaging Its tracks Unless they are run across, heavy AT mines are usually not...
Caution Uws
Rockets fuzed with proximity fuzes may function prematurely if fired too close to trees or other intervening objects. There should be at least 250 feet clearance from objects short of the target. The proximity fuze detonates the warhead at a distance from the target to produce optimum blast effect. It is essentially a radio transmitting and receiving unit and requires no prior setting or adjustment. Upon firing, after the minimum arming time, the fuze arms and continually emits radio waves. As...
Ground Flares
Ground flares are designed for illumination of aircraft landings in emergency fields, for lighting airports in case of power failure, or to warn of attempted infiltration by enemy troops. Certain ground flares, such as fusees, may be used as recognition signals. The following are representative a. The airport flare fig. 9-5 , a 20-pound, cylindrical charge of illuminant candle encased in a zinc-sheathed, box-board tube fitted with a means of ignition. It burns with a yellow flame visible for 5...
Time Blasting Fuse Igniters
These igniters are initiating components used in place of matches to light time blasting fuses. Fuse igniters are usually more reliable than matches. Use of igniters, therefore, is almost mandatory in rainy and windy weather. Fuse igniters consist of two types friction and weatherproof. a. Friction type. A friction, time-blasting, fuse igniter fig. 8-13 consists of a paper tube containing friction powder. Prongs inside the open end of the fuse igniter permit the time-blasting fuse to be...
Demolition Charges
These charges are used in general demolition operations, such as cutting, breaching and cratering. They are composed of high-velocity explosives RDX, PETN, amatol, composition B, composition C series, tetrytol and TNT, and the low-velocity explosive ammonium nitrate. Most charges are made in the form of rectangular blocks. Some are made in cylindrical form, such as the 1 4-pound TNT charge. Recent studies show that a thinner layer of explosive spread out over a larger area is more efficient...
Explosive Train
The large quantities of explosives in warheads and motors must be comparatively insensitive to permit safe handling in storage and transit. Yet, means of initiating these explosives at the desired time must be dependable. a. High-Explosive Train. Sensitive explosives that can be detonated by impact of a firing pin or by electrical means are safe to handle in small quantities, highly compressed and enclosed in a capsule. They are used in fuze primers, detonators and squibs. Since the small flame...
Service APERS Mines
a. General. Service APERS mines are used primarily to restrict or delay movement of enemy foot troops. These mines consist of an amount of high explosive, generally less than one pound, In a container fitted with a fuse. The fuse is activated by pressure or release of pressure, by pull on a trip wire, or by cutting a taut trip wire. b. Fuzes. Functioning of APERS mines is initiated by various types of fuzes The fuse serves to transform mechanical action, such as pressure on the fuse or pull of...
List Of Illustrations
1-1 Color identification of typical pyrotechnic 1-3 Color identification and typical marking of packing boxes and fiber containers 2-1 Shapes and forms of propellant grains 2-2 Relative sizes of propellant 2-3 Burning of propellant 2-4 Progressive burning of propellant grains 2-5 Ball powder X25 2-6 Explosive trains-artillery 2-7 Detonating wave amplified by use of a booster 2-8 Schematic arrangements of explosive train 3-1 Typical cartridge 3-2 7.62-mm bullets sectioned 3-3 5.56-mm and caliber...
I Mos
1 Factors of design include luminous intensity candlepower color hue and degree of color saturation and degree of separation of a composite signal. 2 Factors of position include height at which the flare or signal functions distance of observer from signal distance of flare from object to be illuminated background and relative position of flare, object and observer. 3 Natural conditions of light and atmosphere are influenced by degree of natural illumination color and brightness of the sky and...
Info Rsw
Ammunition is packed, and packing containers marked fig. 13 in accordance with pertinent drawings and specifications. Containers are designed to withstand conditions normally encountered in handling, storage, and transportation, and to comply with Department of Transportation DOT regulations. Marking of containers includes all information required for complete identification of contents and for compliance with DOT regulations see also TM 9-1300-206 . a. Ammunition is manufactured to rigorous...
Time Blasting Fuse
Time blasting fuse is used to transmit a flame from a match or igniter to a nonelectric blasting cap or other explosive charge. This fuse also provides a time delay during which personnel may retire from the danger zone. Time blasting fuse consists of two types a corrugated, outer-surface type and a plastic-cover, outer-surface type fig. 8-15 and 8-16 . The latter type has single bands painted at 1-foot or 18-inch intervals and double yellow bands painted at 5-foot or 90-inch intervals,...
Ord Gju
TRACER-DOUBLE STAR Trot bum I out tu for tort light Figure 9-9. Aircraft signal patterns. Figure 9-10. Handheld marine smoke signal. Figure 9-10. Handheld marine smoke signal. SIGNAL,ILLUMINATION,GROUND'.WHITE STAR CLUSTER, M18A2
Care and Precautions in Handling
General precautions covering use of ammunition are outlined in chapter 1 and in TM 9-1300-206 and AR 38563. Specific precautions pertaining to grenades are contained in TM 9-1300-200-12, TM 9-1300-200-34 and FM 23-30. a. Treat all grenades and components as potentially dangerous, whether fully loaded or those designated as inert. b. Avoid striking or dropping, or handling in other than manner prescribed for explosive loaded live items. c. Treat inert-loaded grenades and components with same...