Principles Of Night Vision
Figure 5-1. Daytime field of view using pinpoint focus. Figure 5-2. Nighttime field of view uainjj off-center vision Look slightly away from object so that the Image is formed on the nod region your night eyes . Look slightly away from object so that the Image is formed on the nod region your night eyes . NOTE Vision is shifted slightly to one side, but attention is still on the object. Because of the blind spot at the center of vision, directing attention to an off-centered objective is...
Modifications For Rapid Fire
Trainers must consider the impact of the increased rate of fire on the soldier's ability to properly apply the fundamentals of marksmanship and other combat firing skills. These fundamentals skills include Immediate Action. To maintain an increased rate of suppressive fire, immediate action must be applied quickly. The firer must identify the problem and correct the stoppage immediately. Repeated dry-fire practice, using blanks or dummy rounds, followed by live-fire training and evaluation...
NBC Fire hours
TASK Engage personnel targets while wearing a protective mask. CONDITIONS Day, on a field-fire range, given an M16A1 A2 rifle, 30 rounds of 5.56-mm ball ammunition, 3 magazines, and E-type silhouette targets at 75, 175, and 300 meters. STANDARDS Each firer has 60 seconds at each target distance. The standard for each distance is as follows 75 meters 7 target hits of 10 rounds. 175 meters 6 target hits of 10 rounds. 300 meters 2 target hits of 10 rounds.
MAl STANDARD SIGHTS AND ZEROING
To battlesight zero the rifle, the soldier must understand sight adjustment procedures. The best possible zero is obtained by zeroing at actual range. Because facilities normally do not exist for zeroing at 250 meters, most zeroing is conducted at 25 meters. By pushing the rear sight forward so the L is exposed, the bullet crosses line of sight at 25 meters, reaches a maximum height above line of sight of about 11 inches at 225 meters, and crosses line of sight again at 375 meters Figure 3-21 ....
Construction
Target detection ranges must be located in areas having good natural vegetation and close to the firing range. Figure B-5. The observation line should be the first area of the target detection range to be built. The location of all downrange panels, sound systems, and foliage depends on the degree of visibility from the defensive position observation line. The observation line should be wide enough to accommodate 50 points. The distance between observation points should be no closer than two...
Range Procedures
Before beginning live-fire exercises, all personnel must receive an orientation on range operations. The orientation should outline the procedures for conducting the exercise to include the duties of the non firing orders. Scorers maintain the score of the firer. They may assist the firers by indicating the impact of the bullet in relation to the target -for example, short, right or high, left. Regardless of unit size, soldiers are organized into four orders one firing, one coaching, and two...
Downrange Feedback Training
The term downrange feedback describes any training method that provides precise knowledge of bullet strike exactly where bullets hit or miss the intended target at ranges beyond 25 meters. The soldier gains confidence in his firing abilities by knowing what happens to bullets at range. The inclusion of downrange feedback during the initial learning process and during refresher training improves the soldier's firing proficiency and record fire scores. Downrange feedback can be incorporated into...
Occupy The Range
1. Request permission to occupy the range. 2. Establish good communications. 3. Have designated areas prepared Parking. Ammunition point. Medical station. Water point. Concurrent training. Mess. Helipad. Armorer. 4. Inspect range for operational condition. 5. Raise flag when occupying or firing according to the local SOP. 6. Check ammunition to ensure it is correct type and quantity. 7. Ensure that range personnel are in proper uniform and the equipment is in position. 9. Conduct safety checks...
Background
The scaled silhouette target provides the same visual perception at 25 meters as the firer would see when firing targets at actual range. The use of this target at 25 meters allows the firer to practice aiming at various range targets and to see precisely where his bullets hit, whether they are target hits or misses. Scaled silhouette targets fit well into a marksmanship training program between zeroing and field fire training, but they provide for excellent training whenever a 25-meter range...
Section I OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
This section describes general characteristics of the M16A1 and M16A2 rifles. M16A1 RIFLE The M16A1 rifle Figure 2-2 is a 5.56-mm, magazine-fed, gas-operated, shoulder-fired weapon. It is designed for either semiautomatic or automatic fire through the use of a selector lever SAFE, SEMI, and AUTO . cartridge magaiin and sfing Firing weight with siJng and loadetf magazine MISAI, M193 Com p ete rou r d 179 grains Projectile .55 grains MISAI, M193 Com p ete rou r d 179 grains Projectile .55 grains
TEC Lessons
Loading and Unloading the M16A1 Rifle 1-939-071-0009-F Disassembly and Assembly M16A1 Rifle 1-939-071-0010-F Preventing and Correcting Common Malfunctions Zero M16A1 Analyze and Correct Errors 1-939-071-0215-F Perform Operator Maintenance on an 071-311-2001 M16A1 Rifle, Magazine, and Ammunition Plus hands-on test Load, Reduce a Stoppage, and Clear an 071-311-2003 M16A1 Rifle Plus hands-on test The following numbers can be used when ordering marksmanship targets. Designation Description
Moving Target Techniques
There are two primary techniques of engaging moving targets. Tracking. Tracking is a more accurate technique of engaging targets by experienced firers. It involves the establishment and maintaining of the aiming point in relationship to the target and maintaining that sight picture moving with the target while squeezing the trigger. As the target moves, this technique puts the firer in position for a second shot if the first one misses. Trapping. Trapping is the setting up of an aiming point...
Moving Target Fundamentals
The fundamentals needed to hit moving targets are similar to those needed to hit stationary targets. The main skill is to engage moving targets with the least changes to procedures. Another consideration is that soldiers in a combat defensive position do not know if their next target will be stationary or moving -they must fire immediately at whatever targets occur. The fundamentals for engaging stationary targets are steady position, aiming, breath control, and trigger squeeze. They are also...
Modifications For Quickfire Techniques
Quick-fire techniques require major modifications to the four fundamentals of marksmanship. These modifications represent a significant departure from the normal applications of the four fundamentals. Initial training in these differences, followed by repeated dry-fire exercises, will be necessary to prepare the soldier for live fire. Steady Position. The quickness of shot delivery prevents the soldier from assuming a stable firing position. He must fire from his present position when the...
Burst Fire Mode Ma
When the selector lever is set on the BURST position Figure 2-13 , the rifle fires a three-round burst if the trigger is held to the rear during the complete cycle. The weapon continues to fire three-round bursts with each separate trigger pull as long as ammunition is in the magazine. Releasing the trigger or exhausting ammunition at any point in the three-round cycle interrupts fire, producing one or two shots. Reapplying the trigger only completes the interrupted cycle -it does not begin a...
Concept Of Zeroing
The purpose of battle sight zeroing is to align the fire control system sights with the rifle barrel, considering the given ammunition ballistics. When this is accomplished correctly, the fire control and point of aim are point of impact at a standard battlesight zero range such as 250 300 meters. When a rifle is zeroed, the sights are adjusted so that bullet strike is the same as point of aim at some given range. A battlesight zero 250 meters, M16Al 300 meters, M16A2 is the sight setting that...
Target Location
The ability to locate a combat target depends on the observer's position and skill in searching and maintaining observation of an area, and the target indications of the enemy during day or night. Selection of a Position. A good position is one that offers maximum visibility of the area while affording cover and concealment. Position has two considerations -- the observer's tactical position in a location and his body position at that location. Usually, the firer is told where to prepare his...
Ma Standard Sights And Zeroing
Rear sight. The rear sight consists of two sight apertures, a windage knob, and an elevation knob Figure 3-25 . The larger aperture, marked 0-2, is used for moving target engagement and during limited visibility. The unmarked aperture is used for normal firing situations, zeroing, and with the elevation knob for target distances up to 800 meters. The unmarked aperture is used to establish the battlesight zero. After the elevation knob is set, adjustments for elevation are made by moving the...
Conduct Of Firing
1. Are communications to range control satisfactory 2. Commands from tower clear and concise 4. Ammunition accountability maintained 6. Personnel accountability maintained 7. Vehicles parked in appropriate areas 8. Air guard on duty and alert 9. Personnel in proper uniform 11. Troops responding properly to commands 12. On-the-spot corrections being made when troops use poor techniques or fail to hit the target 13. Conservation of ammunition enforced 14. Weapons cleared before they are taken...
Duties Of The Instructortrainer
The instructor trainer helps the firer master the fundamentals of rifle marksmanship. He ensures that the firer consistently applies what he has learned. Then, it is a matter of practice, and the firer soon acquires good firing skills. When training the beginner, the instructor trainer could confront problems such as fear, nervousness, forgetfulness, failure to understand, and a lack of coordination or determination. An expert firer is often unaware that some problems are complicated by...
Personnel And Duties
To provide both a safe and efficient range operation and effective instruction, the following is an example of personnel and duties that may be required. OIC. He is responsible for the overall operation of the range before, during, and after live firing. Range Safety Officer. He is responsible for the safe operation of the range to include conducting a safety orientation before each scheduled live-fire exercise. He ensures that a brass and ammunition check is made before the unit leaves the...
Section I TARGET DETECTION AND ENGAGEMENT
Target detection is the process of locating, marking, and determining the range to combat targets. For most soldiers, finding the target can be a greater problem than hitting it. Target detection must be conducted as part of individual training and tactical exercises and must be integrated into night live-fire exercises. The observation lines on target detection ranges approximate the location a soldier might occupy when in combat. Provisions must be made to incorporate night target detection.
Diagnosis Of Firing Problems
Diagnosis of firing problems is the main purpose of the Weaponeer. The following seven-step program is recommended as a guide. Depending on the extent of the firer's problems and time constraints, the number of shots may be increased. STEP 1. Tell the soldier to assume a good firing position, to aim at a target, and to hold steady supported and prone unsupported positions . STEP 2. Visually check the firer's firing position and correct any gross errors, STEP 3. Observe the video screen. If...
Range Determination
Range determination is the process of finding the distance between two points -- one point is usually the observer's own position and the other a target or prominent feature. Range determination is an important skill in completing several types of missions since it affects combat marksmanship proficiency. It is needed in reporting information, and in adjusting artillery and mortar fires. Many techniques are used to determine range measuring distances on maps, pacing the distance between two...
Section I SUPPRESSIVE FIRE
In many tactical situations, combat rifle fire will be directed to suppress enemy personnel or weapons positions. Rifle fire, which is precisely aimed at a definite point or area target, is suppressive fire. Some situations may require a soldier to place suppressive fire into a wide area such as a wood line, hedgerow, or small building. While at other times, the target may be a bunker or window. Suppressive fire is used to control the enemy and the area he occupies. Suppressive fire is employed...
Section Become an Expert
1. Review TMs and FMs on the weapons to be fired. 2. Talk with the armorers and other personnel experienced with the weapons to be fired. 4. Visit range control and read installation range instructions. 5. Reconnoiter the range preferably while it is in use . 6. Check ARTEPs and SQT manuals to see if training tasks can be integrated into the range training plan.
Figure Target angle when dead center hits accure using
Soldiers should be taught to increase their lead when targets are missed. This increases their probability of hitting all targets. The amount of additional lead required should be developed through experience with only general guidance provided. For example, if there is much lateral movement of the target and the soldier feels by applying the lead rule and firing fundamentals he has missed the target, then he should increase his lead. The training program must be simple and provide soldiers...
Steps Of Functioning
The eight steps of functioning feeding, chambering, locking, firing, unlocking, extracting, ejecting, and cocking begin after the loaded magazine has been inserted into the weapon. STEP 1 Feeding Figure 2-4 . As the bolt carrier group moves rearward, it engages the buffer assembly and compresses the action spring into the lower receiver extension. When the bolt carrier group clears the top of the magazine, the expansion of the magazine spring forces the follower and a new round up into the path...
Practice Record Fire and Record Fire
Simple, standard fire commands are needed to avoid confusion and misunderstanding during practice record fire and record fire. FIRERS, ASSUME A GOOD SUPPORTED PRONE UNSUPPORTED POSITION. SCORERS, POINT OUT THE LIMITS OF YOUR LANE. FIRERS, LOCK YOUR FIRST MAGAZINE, LOAD. WATCH YOUR LANE. CEASE FIRE. CLEAR ALL WEAPONS. Record fire. FIRERS, ASSUME A GOOD SUPPORTED PRONE UNSUPPORTED POSITION. SCORERS, POINT OUT THE LIMITS OF YOUR LANE. FIRERS, LOCK YOUR FIRST 20-ROUND MAGAZINE, LOAD. WATCH YOUR...
Chapter Rck
All units must be able to fight during limited visibility. All soldiers should know the procedures for weapons employment during such time. Soldiers must experience the various conditions of night combat -- from total darkness, to the many types of artificial illumination, to the use of surveillance aids. All units must include basic, unassisted night fire training annually in their unit marksmanship program. Combat units should conduct tactical night fire training at least quarterly. This...
Major Categories Of Malfunctions
A malfunction is caused by a procedural or mechanical failure of the rifle, magazine, or ammunition. Pre-firing checks and serviceability inspections identify potential problems before they become malfunctions. Three primary categories of malfunctions are 1. Failure to Feed, Chamber, or Lock. Description. A malfunction can occur when loading the rifle or during the cycle of operation. Once the magazine has been loaded into the rifle, the forward movement of the bolt carrier group could lack...
Use Of The Weaponeer
In BRM, the Weaponeer is used early in the program to evaluate firer's ability to apply the four fundamentals. It is used throughout the program to help diagnose and remediate problems. In the unit, the Weaponeer should be used much like it is used in BRM. Concurrent use of the Weaponeer at the rifle range provides valuable remedial training. The preferred training configuration for the Weaponeer is shown in Figure C-14. One trainer operates the system while three to six soldiers observe the...
Peer Coaching
Peer coaching is using two soldiers of equal firing proficiency and experience to assist coach each other during marksmanship training. Some problems exist with peer coaching. If the new soldier does not have adequate guidance, a blind-leading-the-blind situation results, which can lead to negative training and safety violations. However, when adequate instruction is provided, peer coaching can be helpful even in the IET environment. Since all soldiers in units have complete BRM, peer coaching...
Effects Of Mopp Equipment On Firing
Firing weapons is only part of overall NBC training. Soldiers must first be familiar with NBC equipment, its use, and proper wear before they progress to learning the techniques of MOPP firing. Trainers must consider the impact of MOPP equipment hood mask, gloves, overgarments on the soldier's ability to properly apply the fundamentals of marksmanship and combat firing skills. Immediate Action. Under normal conditions a soldier should be able to clear a stoppage in three to five seconds. Under...
Types And Characteristics
The characteristics of the M16 family of ammunition are described in this paragraph. Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Dummy, M199. Used in both rifles. The M199 dummy cartridge is used during dry fire and other training see 3, Figure 2-17 . This cartridge can be identified by the six grooves along the side of the case beginning about 1 2 inch from its head. It contains no propellant or primer. The primer well is open to prevent damage to the firing pin. Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Blank, M200. Used in the M16A1 or...
Figure E Slow fire silhouette target
Nine rounds from a supported fighting position and nine rounds from a prone unsupported position. Placement of all 18 bullets also indicates that the firer's rifle zero may be too far to the right. With a better firing performance, sight adjustments can be made while using this target. The analysis procedures used on the zeroing target may be applied to shot groups on these silhouette targets. The shot-group center on each target indicates aiming techniques. The comparison between the targets...
Conduct Of Dryfire Training
A skilled instructor trainer should supervise soldiers on dry-fire training. Once an explanation and demonstration are provided, soldiers should be allowed to work at their own pace, receiving assistance as needed. The peer coach-and-pupil technique can be effectively used during dry-fire training with the coach observing performance and offering suggestions. Several training aids are available to correctly conduct initial dry-fire training of the four fundamentals Appendix C . A supported...
Marksmanship Fundamentals
The soldier must understand the four key fundamentals before he approaches the firing line. He must be able to establish a steady position that allows observation of the target. He must aim the rifle at the target by aligning the sight system, and he must fire the rifle without disturbing this alignment by improper breathing or during trigger squeeze. The skills needed to accomplish these are known as rifle marksmanship fundamentals. These simple procedures aid the firer in achieving target...
Singlelead Rule For Moving Targets
A target moving directly toward the firer can be engaged the same way as a stationary target. However, to hit a target moving laterally, the firer places the trailing edge of the front sight post at target center. The sight-target relationship is shown in Figure 4-11. The single-lead rule automatically increases the lead as the range to the target increases. Figure 4-12 shows how this works, with the front sight post covering about 1.6 inches at 15 meters and about 16 inches at 150 meters....
Night Fire hours
TASK Engage targets while applying night-fire techniques with the M16A1 A2 rifle. CONDITIONS Given an explanation, demonstration, and practical exercise with 5 rounds during the day, and with semiautomatic fire at night EENT , engage F-type silhouette targets at 25 meters from the prone unsupported position and E-type silhouette targets at 50 meters from the prone supported position given 35 rounds of tracer and ball mix ammunition and an M16A1 A2 rifle while wearing a helmet and LBE. STANDARDS...
Rapid Fire Exercises
The following commands are used for rapid-fire exercises LOCK AND CLEAR ALL WEAPONS, CLEAR ON THE RIGHT CLEAR ON THE LEFT THE FIRING LINE IS CLEAR, FIRERS, ASSUME THE_POSITION. ASSISTANTS, SECURE TWO MAGAZINES OF FIVE ROUNDS EACH. Issue the firer one magazine of five rounds. Firers assume the appropriate firing position and commence firing when the targets are presented. When all the targets are withdrawn, the range officer checks for slow firers or malfunctions and then allows them to fire....
Caliber Rimfire Adapter M
The RFA can contribute to a unit's marksmanship program when 5.56-mm ammunition is not available or when ranges that allow the firing of 5.56-mm ammunition are not available. The RFA can be useful for marksmanship training such as night fire, quick fire, and assault fire. It is not recommended for primary marksmanship training. Training Considerations. When service ammunition is in short supply, the RFA can be used to complement a unit's training program. Rifle performance. The RFA .22-caliber...
Location Of Miss And Hit Lomah System
LOMAH is a range aid used during downrange feedback exercises. The device uses acoustical triangulation to compute the exact location of a supersonic bullet as it passes through a target. The bullet impact is displayed instantly on a video monitor at the firing line. Of more importance, it shows the location of a bullet miss, thereby, allowing the firer to make either a sight adjustment or a hold off for subsequent shots. LOMAH, like other devices, is only an aid. Understanding the weapon and...
Qualification Table
Personnel hitting 22 or fewer targets are unqualified. Personnel hitting 23 to 29 targets qualify as marksman. Personnel hitting 30 to 35 targets qualify as sharpshooter. Personnel hitting 36 to 40 targets qualify as expert. NOTE Verifiable inoperative targets are the only alibis allowed during record fire. Soldiers whose weapons fail to operate due to broken parts or bad ammunition are withdrawn from the firing line to have the weapon repaired or ammunition replaced. Then the soldier retires...
Section Known Distance Range
PERSONNEL In addition to those identified in Section 4. 2. Assistant safety officer for pit area. EQUIPMENT In addition to equipment identified in Section 4. 2. Positive communication from the firing line to the pit area. 4. Glue and brushes for resurfacing targets. 5. Lubricant for target frames. 6. Proper targets mounted in target frames. 7. Briefing on how to operate a KD range. 8. Procedure for marking targets.
Training Strategy
Training strategy is the overall concept for integrating resources into a program to train individual and collective skills needed to perform a unit's wartime mission. Training strategies for rifle marksmanship are implemented in TRADOC institutions IET, NCOES, basic and advanced officer's courses and in units. The overall training strategy is multifaceted and is inclusive of the specific strategies used in institution and unit programs. Also included are the supporting strategies that use...
Section Closing of Range
1. Close downrange control according to the local SOP. 2. Remove all equipment and ammunition from range. 4. Repaste and resurface targets as required by range instructions. 5. Perform other maintenance tasks as required by local SOP. 6. Request a range inspector from range control when ready to be cleared. 7. Submit after-action report to headquarters, 8. Report any noted safety hazards to proper authorities.
Range Operations Checklist
This checklist consists of nine sections, each covering a different topic relating to range operations. The checklist should be modified to include local policy changes to the regulations or SOPS. The person responsible for the training must answer the questions in each section. Ask yourself each question in order. Record each Yes answer by placing a check in the GO column. Record a No or Don't know by checking the NO-GO column. Refer to the checklist to find the GO and NO-GO columns. When all...
Mopp Fire Exercises
The many difficulties the soldier encounters while firing with MOPP gear must be experienced and overcome during training. Dry-Fire MOPP Exercises. Repeated dry-fire exercises covering all aspects of MOPP firing are the most effective means available to ensure all soldiers can function during a live-fire MOPP situation. Multiple dry-fire exercises must be conducted before the first live round is fired. Otherwise, valuable ammunition and training time are wasted in trying to teach soldiers the...
Training
Dry-fire training and live-fire training are necessary to mastering basic rifle marksmanship. The soldier must adhere to the following procedures and applications to be effective in combat. Dry-Fire Exercises. Repeated training and dry-fire practice are the most effective means available to ensure all soldiers can function efficiently after dark. Target detection and dry-fire exercises must be conducted before the first live round is fired. They can take place almost anywhere -elaborate...