Annotated Bibliography
Appendix B is a rccord of the principal sources on automatic weapons. These sources include books, magazine articles, pamphlets, manuals, and official reports and documents. Each entry includes author or issuing agcncy, title, date, series number, and other identifying data, followed by a brief description of the contents and special features of the work. For security reasons, many references on recent and proposed weapons under development in the United States and other countries can not be...
Info Jdf 1
curves. A detailed analysis of this type is particularly important because most of the critical actions and high accelerations occur during the progress of the propellant explosion and it is therefore highly desirable to determine what motion characteristics may be expected in the initial portion of the operating cycle. Since the effects of the powder gases can not be expressed by simple equations, a special method is employed to account for these effects in plotting the bolt motion curves. The...
Bolt Return Spring Kzm
Figure 19-2. Method of Retaining an External Captive Recoil Spring. operating spring mounts on outside of receiver Figure 19-2. Method of Retaining an External Captive Recoil Spring. cross pin retains operating spring in operating rod Figure 19-3. Captive Spring Used To Return Breech Bolt and Operating Rod. Figure 19-3. Captive Spring Used To Return Breech Bolt and Operating Rod.
The Machine Gun Hgl
acts over a distance, which constitutes the definition of work. Accordingly, a high-powered gas-operated machine gun is mounted in a slide so that it can move to the rear under the action of the recoil forces. The mounting is equipped with some sort of restraining device which disposes of the greater part of the rccoil energy and also is provided with some means for storing a portion of the energy to be utilized for returning the gun to the battery position. In a medium-caliber aircraft machine...
Fiat
Equipment, general, Fiat machine gun. 9 Jun 1928. Report L. 11064 Summarizes data on SAFAT light machine gun, Fiat light mg Model 1928 Fiat 12 mm anti-aircraft ing, and Fiat aircraft mg model 1928 A. Italian developments in field of machine guns. 12 Jan 1927. Contains translation of description of Fiat Machine Gun, Model 1926 cal. 6.5 mm and description of Fiat 25 mm a a machine gun designed by Revelli. Photos of Model 1926 gun.
Locking Systems Bpo
bolt extension operating spring held in compression bolt extension is driven to the rear causing the bolt head to rotate
Casing
Simplified Schematic of Blowback Mechanism With Ad vanced Primer Ignition. is arranged to ignite the primer of the fresh cartridge just before the bolt reaches its fully forward position. Although the details of an actual gun of this ivpc may be considerably different in form from the schematic representation shown in fig. 1 -20, the basic mcchanism shown illustrates the essential mechanical function. The fundamental parts of the mechanism are the bolt which backs up the cartridge ease and is...
Rotary Chamber Mechanisms Oey
counter-bored at the forward end so as to mate tightly with the rear end of the barrel. This device has been used in a considerable number of rotary chamber mechanism designs, even up to fairly recent times. Another method which has been used with some success is to arrange the mechanism so that, when the gun is ready for firing, the forward end of the cartridge case covers the chamber gap and enters the barrel for a short distance. Since the chamber gap is relatively very narrow, the cartridge...
Brno Zb- 50 Machine Gun
Test of gun, light machine, BRNO-ZB cal. 7.92 nun. Czech. 28 Jul 1945. Description and photo. BLG M. G. ZB 60. Brno, Czech., n. d. Translation of manual for this weapon 15 mm Advantages and tactical use arc outlined. Gives types of ammunition used. Light machine gun model ZB-26. Brno. 1934. Translation of manual describing 7.92 mm ZB 26. Drawings and photographs. Translation of manual with description, action, assembly, magazine, special equipment, and principal advantages. Photos of plant,...
U S A E F
Report on Dreyse machine gun, giving description and action. 27 Feb 1919. Contains translation of German pamphlet 'Lcitfadcn fur das Dreyse M. G.'' giving nomenclature, action, description of weapon and its parts. The light machine gun 1 3 Dreyse 30 Oct 1935. Report no. 14,356 Operation shown by means of series of photos. Diagrams show tactical use. Summary report on Bcrgmann machine gun, mod. 1915 n. A. and Dreyse machine gun. 1 Apr 1919. Summary report no. 197 Characteristics and description...
Recoil Operation Mao
spring rate is 240 pounds per foot or 20 pounds per inch. The foregoing determinations complete the basic preliminary design of the gun and the remaining task is to investigate what performance this design may be expected to give. Having the estimated weights of the recoiling parts and having the characteristics of the barrel spring and bolt spring, the performance of the gun can be determined by considering the energy relations which exist during recoil. These relations are expressed by a...
BeardmoreFarquhar
The Bcardmorc-Farquhar light machine gun. 1919. Contains description and operating procedure. Attached is a British repoit Grain Armament Report no. 123, Oct I, 1919 on firing trials of the gun at high altitudes. Compared favorably with Lewis gun in every respect. Test of Beard more-Farquhar light machine gun. 15 Aug 1919 Report of British test of gun which docs not greatly impress the observer. Beardmore-Farquhar machine gun. 16 Aug 1919. Report no. P gt 020 Includes clipping from The Times,...
The Machine Gun Xia
t-slot in the bolt face controls the cartridge travel belt feed slide operating cam groove
Lewis
The romance of invention VIII The one-man machine gun and its inventor. In Scientific American, Feb 14, 1920, p. 160 Describes Col. I. N. Lewis and the success of his gun in WW I. Illustrated. Ordnance and the world war. N. Y., 1920. Describes trials of Lewis gun by U. S. Army Gen. Crozier was Chief of Ordnance dept. First tests unsuccessful, but later acceptable and adopted. Defense of government against accusations of Lewis supporters. Detail drawings and descriptions of the Maxim and Lewis...
The Machine Gun Crv
Figure 6-102. Pins in Base of Cartridge Unlock Bolt
Revelli
Data on the Cannoncino autoinatico Fiat 25.4 mm. 24 Jun 1918. 14 p. Also known as 25.4 semi-automatic Revelli, model 1917 cannon chambered for 1-inch ammunition. Contains drawing showing ScarfT mounting for use in airplanes. Gives component parts and operation of cannon. Revelli automatic machine gun. Villar Perosa, Italy, 1917. Illustrated manual of weapon manufactured by Officine di Villar Perosa in Italy and Canadian General Electric Co., Toronto. Revelli automatic rifle. 11 Sep 1929. Report...
The Machine Gun Xtm
Figure 5-37. Cam on Operating Rod Actuates Belt Feed Levers and Cartridge Elevators. Figure 5-37. Cam on Operating Rod Actuates Belt Feed Levers and Cartridge Elevators.
Extractor 1
Figure 16. Advantage of Using Special Cartridge Base Form for Blowback. point shown in fig. 1 6A as is necessary to allow for the presence of the extractor in the extractor groove . If a cartridge case with the spccial base form shown in fig. 1-6B is used, the cartridge may be pushed further into the chamber and when it is blown back it may therefore travel a greater distance before the walls near the base become unsupported. By this means, the allowable bolt velocity during the first. 0.01...
The Machine Gun Ccq
primer forces firing pin to the rear Figure 6-9. Action of Primer on Firing Pin Causes Bolt To Unlock.
The Mchine Gun
Figure 2-32. Effect oi Bolt Driving Spring on Motion of Bolt After Reversal of Motion at Backplate. the bolt motion curves in fig. 2-30 up to the time that the bolt strikes the accelerating lever. 10. Motion of barrel before accelerator is reengaged In order to give the barrel return spring a chance to start the barrel moving before the bolt reaches the accelerator lever, the barrel should be unlatched while the bolt is still some distance from the point at which the accelerator will be...
The Machine Gun Xqo
Figure 5-67. Oiler Valve Actuated by Movement of Cartridges Through Feedway. perforated cartridge wiper oils incoming round Figure 5-67. Oiler Valve Actuated by Movement of Cartridges Through Feedway. spring-loaded oiltank pump-type valve spring loaded valve actuated by incoming round Figure 5-68. Oiler Valve Actuated by Movement of Cartridges Through Feedway, Wetting the Wiper Brushes. Figure 5-68. Oiler Valve Actuated by Movement of Cartridges Through Feedway, Wetting the Wiper Brushes....
Maxim
Detail drawings and descriptions of the Maxim and Lewis rapid fire machine guns. In Scientific American, Feb 6, 1915, p. 130-37 Our enemies in the air. In Scientific American, Feb 9, 1918, p. 133 Shows Parabellum gun mounted in reconnaissance plane. The German anti-tank machine gun 13 mm 25 Aug 1921. Service Report Discussion of secrecy surrounding this gun T. u. F. put into service in German army in spring of 1920. Contains data on ammunition. Handbook of the 0.45-inch Maxim gun G. G. chamber...
Retarded Blowback System
One of the principal disadvantages of the plain blowback system is the excessive bolt weight required to limit the movement of the cartridge case to a safe value during the action of the powder gas pressure. This particular difficulty can be circumvented by employing the retarded blowback system a system in which a special type of retarding mechanism is operated by the movement of the bolt. The mechanism itself Is composed of relatively light parts and the inertia forces which result when these...
U S Aef 1
Contains inclosurcs 1 Report of present information available in England with respect to aircraft cannon 2 Memorandum of conference regarding the status of the different types of 37 mm cannons in France at the present time, Puteaux Arsenal. The test and evaluation manual for aircraft guns. Dahl-gren, Va., Aug 1947 Manual provides single, uniform method of testing and evaluating aircraft gun-type weapons to provide the best possible index to the effectiveness and characteristics of these weapons...
Info Prp
Making the necessary substitutions and evaluating a Since it is assumed that the deceleration period is the same as the acceleration period, the value of the deceleration will also be 1066 feet per second per second. This is a high value and is equivalent to approximately 33 times the normal acceleration of gravity. An idea of the magnitude of the force required to produce this acceleration can be had by assuming that the equivalent mass subjected to the acceleration is 50 pounds in weight.
Bofors
The Bofors concern. Stockholm, 1947. Brochure giving history and products of this armament plant. Photos and plates of plant and weapons. 25 mm automatic gun L 64. Bofors, Sweden, 1939. Characteristics and data on a a gun. Photos. 40 mm automatic naval gun L 60. n. d. Brochure giving characteristics and data on 40 mm Bofors, with drawings of weapon. 20 mm automatic aeroplane gun, L 70. 1953. NA Stockholm Report 72-53 Pamphlet inclosed with NA Report. Completely mechanical loading system. Normal...
Furrer
Unser leichtes maschincngcwchr L. M. G. 25 Bern, 1942. 36 p. Manual on Swiss LMG 25 Furrer 7.45 mm. In German L S. Military Attache, Berlin Data for Ordnance Dept. 22 Mar 1933. M. I. D. 2296-367 8 Inelosures Data for light machine gun model 1925 Swiss Furrer with photographs. Intermediate caliber automatic cannon. 23 Feb 1939. Report no. S-2 Reports on new Swiss 20 mm Furrer cannon under development for aircraft. IJ. S. Military Attache, London Furrer machine gun. 15 Feb 1928. Report no. 21202...
Rotary Chamber Mechanisms Hxw
In spite of the fact that auxiliary power may be employed in the operation of a machine gun, the gun is considered to be in the full automatic classification as long as the major functioning assembly of the gun mechanism itself receives its power from the explosion of the propellant charge. In the case of a weapon having the chamber separate from the remainder of the barrel as shown in fig. 4-4, this means that the propellant explosion must at least be used to impart the required motion to the...
Rotary Chamber Mechanisms Ltt
a truly remarkable period of revolver development. The introduction of cartridge ammunition in the latter part of the same century produced even greater improvements in revolver mechanisms, and finally brought the sustained-fire weapon into the realm of practicality in the form of the Gatling gun. Although this weapon and other sustained-fire revolver arms of the period were very effective, they still were rather cumbersome and inconvenient and were soon abandoned after the full automatic...
Mauser
German 20 mm aircraft machine gun, Mauser MG 151 FMAR-169 I and several types of Mauser 20 mm ammunition A.P.I. FMAM-542 H.E.I. FMAM-354 H.E.T. FMAM-420 H E. FMAM-355 H E. FMAM-391 I. i FMAM 43 i . 21 Mar 1944. RC 2188 Contains firing data. Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee Visit to Mauser Werke A. G. Oberndorf am Neckar, and Mauser personnel at Lager Haiming, Otztal, near Innsbruck. 1945. Interrogations of key personnel of Mauser firm at Obern-dorf and other places, including group...
The Machine Gun Srt
This increase in velocity is indicated by sloping the velocity curve after locking occurs by an amount corresponding to a velocity increase of one foot per second in 0.004 sccond. See fig. 2-30. Since the average velocity of the recoiling parts shortly after locking is approximately 18 feet per sccond, the time required to complete the remaining 0.060-foot movement to battery will be Therefore, the recoiling parts reach the battery position at 0.0490 second. Note that the velocity of the...
Gas Operation Ocm
per second. Since the gun and bolt are locked, the parts will assume some common velocity which is determined by the fact that the momentum of the combined mass after impact will be the same as the total momentum before impact. That is In the construction of the curves showing the motions up to the time of unlocking fig. 3-27 it was shown that the gun is fired during counter-recoil when it is still 0.0207 foot from its most forward position. As shown in fig. 3-34, the gun is 0.0805 foot from...
The Machine Gun Xeg
spiral surfaces bind under high pressure and slide under low pressure Figure 6-13. High Gas Pressure Causes Spirals To Bind. When Pressure Lowers, Spirals Slide, Figure 6-13. High Gas Pressure Causes Spirals To Bind. When Pressure Lowers, Spirals Slide,
Rheinmetall
Test of German 30 mm aircraft cannon MK 108A3 and companion ammunition FMAR 462 FMAM-HET 996, FMAM-HE 997 and FMAM-HEI 998 1944. OR amp DC 4693 Description and results of tests. Tables and photos. 29th partial report on test of machine guns and machine gun accessories and first partial report on the test of the Solothurn 2 cm machine gun model S5-106. 28 Oct 1933. Ordnance Program no. 50821 Object of tests to check the functioning of the mechanism and to check the ballistic characteristics of...
The Machine Gun Hpk
used in modern rotary action weapons. Its importance lies in the fact that it provides a rapid and convenient means for achieving repetitive firing and at the same time permits the construction of a weapon which need only be slightly more bulky than an ordinary single-shot arm. In the course of the eighteenth century, there were a number of notable advances in the development of revolver weapons, particularly the introduction of mechanical means for rotating the cylinder and of a method for...
The Machine Gun V4
Figure 10--6. Method of Retaining Barrel. Figure 10--6. Method of Retaining Barrel.
Browning
Data on Japanese aircraft machine guns, 12.7 mm fixed mount Browning type 31 Jul 1943 O. P. no. 5826 Description and pertinent data on gun from Japanese bomber. Photos of weapon and components. The caliber .50 machine gun its conception. In Army Ordnance, Mar-Apr 1945, p. 271 Personal story of examination of Hotchkiss J o-inch gun being tested secretly by French in 1917, which led to its being sent to U. S. for tests which resulted in request for similar weapon with higher velocity the Browning...
Locking Systems Igi
operating rod pushes against the bolt extension Figure 8-86. Recoiling Bolt Extension Lifts Locking Block Free of Receiver.
Locking Systems Lyd
Figure 6-4. Gas Piston Actuates Locking Lug Prop. Gas Pressure Then Unlocks Bolt. Figure 6-4. Gas Piston Actuates Locking Lug Prop. Gas Pressure Then Unlocks Bolt.
Puteaux
Note sur les canons autoinatiques de 37 mm. Sep 1922. In French some pages translated into English Description and functioning of cannon mounted in Hispano-Suiza motor. Illustrations include detailed diagrams of guns. Special new French 37 full automatic guns. 8 Feb 1923. Description of 2 new guns developed at Puteaux Arsenal, one to fire through propeller, the other free. 37 mm Putcaux automatic airplane motor gun. 22 Dec 1925. General description and history of Putcaux gun, including canceled...
The Machine Gun Lpe
torn in two. When this occurs, the gun will become inoperative because the device used for extraction can not remove the portion of the cartridge case which remains stuck in the chamber. Malfunctions due to cartridge case separation can only be avoided by making certain that the space between the base of the case and the supporting surface of the frame can never be great enough to permit the case material to be stretched beyond the point at which it will fail by tearing. The clearancc must be...
Kip
Substituting this value in the equation for t gives to evaluate C When t 0, d 0 and therefore Substituting this expression for C gives the equation for the time, t, required to recoil any distance, d. Solving this equation for d gives the inverse relation expressing the distance recoiled in any time, t. d K Sin LVsir sm KD FJ K Kqnation 1-9 may also be used to obtain the total time T required for the bolt to move through the entire recoil distance D. Substituting D for d gives T V il' Sill_1 1...
Info Brt
Figure 1-24. Free Bolt Velocity Curve for First 0.014 Second. fig. 1 -23 as the portion between t 0 and t 0.00234 second. Note that these curves have the same form as the corresponding curves for plain blowback figs. 1-12 and 1-13 except that the zero axis is shifted upward by 17.5 lb. sec. which is half the total change in momentum produced by the impulse of the propellant explosion. The momentum curve for the time after the projectile leaves the muzzle is completed in the same way as for...
The Machine Gun Rfo
When angle 9 is very small, proper functioning demands an extremely high precision in the dimensions of the parts. However, at small angles, tremendous forces are exerted on the links and the resulting deformation of the linkage will produce a condition in which the linkage will not act as effectively as theoretical analysis would indicate. For practical applications, the initial value of angle 0 should not he much smaller than from 5 to 10 degrees. The analysis of the holt motion in a retarded...
Nordenfelt
Handbook of the 0.45-inch 5-barrel Nordenfelt guns, Marks 1 and II. London, 1894. Drawings. Handbook of the 1 4-barrcl Nordenfelt gun. London, 1889. Contains illustrations and diagrams. Mitrailleuse automatique mod le 1897 de la Soci t Nordenfelt de Paris In Revue d'artillerie, Vol. 52, 1898, In French. Description and illustration of weapon. Letter to Capt. Chadwick, USN, 24 May 1884. Lists suggestions for naval armament of machine guns, other than those of rifle caliber, by using same system...
American Armament
The A AC 37 mm aircraft cannon. N. Y., Dcc 1936 Brochure on Type M movable and Type F fixed 37 mm aircraft guns. Specifications, description and illustrations of guns are included. Description and photographs of gun, with operating instructions. Artillery for the air In The Aeroplane, Mar 29, 1939, p. 402 Describes American Armament Corporation 37 mm cannon, being peddled in England. Illustrated. Tactical aspect of flexible airplane cannon. In 17. S. Air Services, Jan 1941, p. 15 Gives...
Pkr Machine Gun
7-6 Operating Cycle of Gas-Actuated Single-Barrel Rotary Cannon. Bore Sealed by Obturating 7-7 Method of Firing Multi-Projectile Loaded Round 420 7-8 Operating Cycle of Multi-Barrel Motorized Rotary Cannon 421 7-9 Mechanism for Revolving Rotary-Type Feed 422 423 7-10 Method of Revolving a Rotary Cannon 7-11 Method of Scaling Bore on a Rotary 8-1 Recoil-Loaded Spring Accelerates Bolt to Rear 425 8-2 Pivoted Lever Accelerates Bolt to 8 3 Twin Levers Accelerate Bolt to 8 4 Gas Pressure on Muzzle...
Machine Gun Darne
Darne machine guns for aircraft, infantry, cavalry, tanks, anti-aircraft service, etc. St. Etienne, France, n. d. Brochure on various models of Darne machine guns. Photographs of weapons. Historique de la creation de la mitrailleuse svsteme Darne. St. Etienne, n. d. In French Contains photos of weapons. Provisional manual for the use of the new Darne airplane machine guns, model for turret or wing of airplane and model synchronized for fire through the propeller. St. Etienne, France, 1925. 1925...
Principles Of Rotary
The preceding analysis deals primarily with the general operating and design characteristics which are inherent in any full automatic multiple-cham-ber weapon in which the chambers are separate from the barrel. In the analysis, consideration was given to those basic features which are significant regardless of what particular type of mechanism is employed. However, there is one type of multiple-chamber mechanism which has had a very prominent placc in modern gun developments. This mechanism,...
Recoil Operation Tmi
Figure 2-21. Free Recoil Velocity Before Unlocking. determine this point by using Vallier s formula for approximating the duration of the residual pressure For the sample cartridge and barrel To obtain the total time of action of the powder gases, this value is added to the time at which the projectile leaves the muzzle TretJ .00234 .00592 .0082 sec. Extending the original curve until it is tangent at this point gives the complete free recoil velocity curve shown in fig. 2 21. Actually, the...